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Cystitis

Lower abdomen pain with cystitis

Cystitis is an inflammatory process that affects the internal walls of the bladder.In the early stages, it mainly affects the mucous membranes and in severe cases can spread to the muscle layer of the organ.

According to statistics, almost 35% of people (mainly women) at the age of 20-40 are facing this pathology, it represents up to 67% of all cases of urological diseases.

Important! Inflammation of the bladder is characteristic of both sexes, but due to anatomical characteristics, women are 6-8 times more common in women.The wider, straight and short urethra provides easy access to various urogenital infections.With age, the difference in the frequency of occurrence in men and women is smoothed out due to the growth of prostatitis cases among elderly men and related secondary cystitis.

Diagnosis and treatment of pathology are engaged in a urologist.Women often need to resort to the help of a gynecologist.

Cystitis: Forms and Types of Pathology

Depending on the presence of internal sources of inflammation, 2 types of cystitis are distinguished:

  • primary - develops as an independent inflammation of the walls of a previously healthy bladder;It is more common in women;
  • Secondary - occurs as a result of other diseases of the urea or inflammation of adjacent tissues and organs (eg with prostatitis in men).

By the nature of the course of the disease, they distinguish:

  • acute form;
  • Chronic form - mixed symptoms without pain and burning are characteristic.

In the area of coating, the disease can be:

  • total or general;
  • Focal - for example, cervical shape with damage to the bladder neck;
  • With the lesion of the urteral triangle LIETO (trigonitis).

Note!The focus of inflammation can cover the entire urinary system - in such cases cystitis is the first clinical manifestation of stone kidney or pyelonephritis.

Given the changes observed in the area of the lesion, distinguish:

  • Catarrhal - a classic acute inflammatory process with damage to the mucous membranes only;It is accompanied by severe hyperemia, swelling and release of serous exudate (serous form);In a neglected case, it may enter a purulent form (with the release of purulent exudate);
  • Phlegmonic - a special type of purulent inflammation with spilled purulent damage to the submucosal layer;
  • Granulomatous - accompanied by abundant rashes on the mucous membranes of the organ;
  • Hemorrhagic - an inflammatory process accompanied by the release of blood in the urine;
  • interstitial - with the participation of deep muscle layers;
  • Ulcers - with the formation of characteristic ulcers of the mucosal membrane of the inner walls;
  • Inclusion - a long time that do not treat the ulcers are overgrown with salts;
  • cystic - with the formation of cysts on the submucosal organ;
  • Gangrene - with a murder of fabric.

Given the reasons, all the variety of cases are divided into 2 large groups of infectious and non -infectious cystitis.

Infectious forms They develop under the influence of various urogenital and common infections.Distinguish:

  • Specific pathologies - pathogens (mainly bacteria) - chlamydia, gonococci, etc.;
  • Non-specific pathologies-the source of the disease are different representatives of conditionally pathogenic flora

Note!In rare cases, cystitis can occur in response to tuberculosis infection of the kidneys.The disease is accompanied by a pronounced clinical picture.

Non -infectious cystitis - Develop as a result of non -biological damage to the mucous membranes of the organ.There are several types of pathological effects:

  • Radial - negative effects on the tissue of radiation therapy or radio exposure;
  • allergic or autoimmune - pathological reaction of the body to allergens (mainly personal products of hygiene) or antigens of own tissues;
  • Traumatic - with sliced or sliced wounds, with damage to the walls with stones in urine, catheter, foreign bodies; 
  • Parasitic - under the influence of toxic parasites, more special blood -based schistosome (a type of flat worms);The risk zone mainly includes travelers in the Middle East and Central Asia;
  • Thermal - with burns, when washing with too hot solutions;
  • Chemical toxic-when exposed to aggressive substances: medicines, concentrated metabolites, poisonous substances, etc.;

How does cystitis happen: causes of pathology

The greater part of the cyst is infectious.The causative agent in this case can become both conditionally pathogenic bacteria-e.Coli, Streptococci, Staphylococci, Enterococci and frequent representatives of urogenital infections-Gonococci, Trichomonas and others.

However, aggression of microorganisms is not the main cause of the disease.For its successful effect, the body should be weakened by the influence of adverse external and internal factors.These include:

  • Chronic infections in other body systems - carious dental damage, intestinal diseases, various forms of acute respiratory viral infections, gynecological inflammation and STD;
  • Vitaminosis and hypovitaminosis against the background of an unbalanced diet;
  • regular physical, nervous, mental fatigue, as well as insomnia and lack of night's sleep;
  • strong psycho -emotional tensions;
  • Total weakening of the immune system, including prolonged use of immunosuppressants;
  • Body hypothermia, the effect of sudden temperature changes - for women it is sometimes sufficient to sit on a cold surface to begin the inflammatory process in the pelvic organs, including the bladder;
  • High sexual activity in the absence of a permanent partner (unconventional sexual practices and unprotected sex are particularly dangerous);
  • stagnant phenomena in the pelvic organs that deal with the seat and a sedentary lifestyle as a whole, honor constipation, incomplete emptying due to urethral strictures or tumors of the bladder, as well as the banal habit of "withstand the latter"; 
  • Poor or improper body hygiene - in 90% of the cases, the pathogen of the cyst is E. coli, which enters the bladder from the rectum;
  • wearing synthetic underwear, especially narrow, squeezing the pelvic organs;
  • abnormal development of the urinary organs;
  • Injuries and surgery of the pelvic organs;
  • Sharp and fatty foods.

Separately, the cause of the disease should be mentioned endocrine disorders (diabetes mellitus, hormonal drug use) and general fluctuations in the hormonal background.The last reason is especially characteristic of the female body when the exacerbations of cysthesis accompany periods of menstruation, pregnancy or menopause.

Symptoms of the disease

The first symptoms of cystitis are an increase in urination and discomfort in the lower abdomen.Otherwise, it all depends on the shape of the disease and its cause. 

A common list of possible features:

  • Frequent urination, sometimes false;
  • Urine is muddy color, blood impurities (hematuria) and pus are possible;
  • lower abdomen pain (can be given in the lower back);
  • carving and burning in the process of urination;
  • constant feeling of the fullness of the bladder;
  • Urine acquires an unpleasant odor;
  • daily or night enuresis;
  • Improvement of body temperature and overall weakness.

In rare cases of acute form, chills, nausea, vomiting are possible.

Important! This disease is not characterized by a temperature above 37.5 degrees.If there is an excess of this indicator, it is necessary to study the entire urinary system - perhaps the inflammatory process has reached the kidneys.

In women, the pathology is often acute and is accompanied by a classic set of symptoms.

Men are characterized by a chronic course of the disease with greased symptoms, which is often accompanied by signs of concomitant sexual sphere (such as balanoposthitis or urethritis).

Diagnostics

The clear symptoms of the disease allow you to make the main diagnosis after talking to the patient and palpation.Additional instrumental and laboratory test methods allow to determine the type and shape of the disease, to identify the pathogen (with an infectious lesion) and to prescribe the most effective therapeutic complex.

Instrumental diagnostics:

  • Echoscopy (ultrasound) - determines the degree of inflammatory process, allows to simultaneously evaluate the condition of urine and sexual systems;
  • Endoscopy (cystoscopy) - the examination of the bladder cavity using the cystoscope optical system allows you to evaluate the state of the internal integment, to identify possible pathologies and neoplasms;performed only after the disappearance of the acute phenomena;
  • Cystography is an X -Ray study using an X -Ray contract.

Laboratory tests:

  • General urine analysis - check the pH level, leukocyte concentration, red blood cells, protein salts and uric acid;
  • Study of urine sludge for more accurate results;
  • Baksev - to identify an infectious pathogen;
  • tissue biopsy followed by histological examination;
  • PCR diagnostics-possible most effective in identifying sexual infections.

In some cases, the doctor may prescribe an analysis of blood biochemistry - it allows you to monitor the characteristics of the body function with changes in the concentration of basic electrolytes (potassium, sodium, calcium), as well as evaluate the activity of enzyme systems.

For women, it is important to have a gynecological examination for the presence of "female" inflammation, which often become a cause or a consequence of cystitis.

Warning! Often, urea inflammation is a symptom of a more serious disease, therefore a differential diagnosis for tuberculosis, prostatitis (in men), cancer tumors and more is required.

How is treatment going?

The acute form of cystitis easily and quickly goes into chronic, therefore it is very important to respond to the first signs of the disease on time and properly.

Warning! Often, after the acute manifestation of the first symptoms, inflammation independently turns out to be nothing.This does not mean that the patient has recovered - the disease can go "underground" and a more in -depth diagnosis of the body is needed to identify the hidden pathological process.

Treatment, as a rule, complicated, using conservative methods.With a competent approach, the result is favorable.Surgical intervention is only required in the most advanced cases.

The main list of meetings:

  • drug therapy;
  • sparing mode;
  • Abundant drink;
  • Compliance with the diet.

In chronic forms to restore the functionality of the bladder, a complex of physiotherapy is appointed.

Medication:

  • Antibiotics - in chronic forms, make an individual selection of medicines based on the results of BakPosev;
  • Diuretics - diuretics increase urine leakage, wash the pathogenic flora and reduce the concentration of irritants;
  • antispasmodics;
  • Vitamin preparations.

To prevent the pathogenic effect of a large number of chemicals, the degrees are actively used with cystitis, mainly anti -inflammatory and diuretic: stubborn, lungon, kidney tea (orthosis), St. John St. John's St. John's St. John.A good effect is given by pharmacies based on plant materials.

Warning! Excessive drinking with cystitis is a must!The minimum volume of clean water is 2 liters.It is recommended to 2.5-3 liters.

Diet characteristics:

  • Turn off all marinades, spicy spices, pickles, sweets, smoked and fried foods, as well as alcohol, tea, coffee, sweet baking soda;Salt of the diet should be eliminated to maximum (!);
  • Reduction of the amount of meat, fish, poultry, especially fatty varieties; 
  • Dairy products are consumed in small quantities -low fat, yogurt, milk, low fat and unauthorized cheese;
  • Increasing the consumption of fresh vegetables and fruits (great preference for watermelon, pumpkin);
  • In order to prevent constipation in the diet, the content of bran, cereals and vegetable oils should be increased.

Characteristics of Cystice in Pregnant Women

Changing the hormonal background during pregnancy creates the prerequisites for suppressing the function of the immune system, which increases the risk of the development of various inflammatory processes.The smallest hypothermia, a slight violation of the rules of hygiene and even the usual climate change (the body considers stress) can cause inflammation of the bladder.

When you carry a child, especially in the late stages of pregnancy, the pressure on the bladder due to the increased uterus increases.On the one hand, this provokes stagnant phenomena in the pelvic region and contributes to the development of cystitis, on the other, exacerbates the manifestation of its symptoms, more special:

  • The frequency of urination increases;
  • The feeling of pressure in the bladder becomes constant and does not stop even after emptying.

Treatment during pregnancy is difficult due to the ban on the use of most antibacterial agents, they can adversely affect the full development of the fetus.An alternative is used the installing method - the introduction of sparing antibacterial agents with topical action directly into the bladder cavity.The procedure is performed in the hospital under the control of medical staff.

Warning! Cystitis during pregnancy is dangerous to its complications.High load of the kidneys during pregnancy requires constant monitoring of the urinary system and emergency hospitalization in case of spread of inflammation in its upper departments.

How do I warn the disease?

In order to prevent inflammatory processes in the urinary system, it is sufficient to adhere to the following rules:

  • Avoid hypothermia of the lower body - do not sit on the cold surface, keep your feet warm.
  • Turn off sharp and salty diet products.
  • Timely treatment of sexual infections as well as other foci of inflammatory processes (including caries).
  • Refuse synthetic materials, especially in the linen.Avoid a narrow, tightening pelvic area of clothing.
  • In the presence of sedentary work, it makes a regular 10-15 minutes of heating breaks.
  • Carefully monitor the rules of personal hygiene (especially for women) - when washing and erasing after bowel movements, all movements should be directed in the direction back.The underwear should be changed daily.During menstruation, it is necessary to change the seals and tampons as often as possible.
  • Try to urinate on time - at the first "call of nature", do not tolerate - this causes stagnation of urine and stretches the walls of the bladder.Naturally normal urine 5-6 times a day.

With the frequent recurrent cystitis for prevention, you should drink a glass of cranberry juice a day - its pronounced antibacterial properties will prevent the disease or significantly reduce the frequency of its manifestations.